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For more On Wiki : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque

Torque is the measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate or change its rotational motion. It is a combination of the force applied and the distance from the axis of rotation at which it is applied. In other words, torque is the rotational equivalent of force. There is GIF image in Wiki you will get it

Mathematically, torque is calculated by multiplying the force (F) applied to an object by the distance (r) from the axis of rotation at which the force is applied. The formula for torque is:

Torque = Force x Distance

The SI unit of torque is the Newton-meter (Nm) or, in some cases, the Joule (J). Torque can be clockwise or counterclockwise, depending on the direction of the force applied.

For example, consider a wrench tightening a bolt. When you apply a force to turn the wrench, you are exerting torque on the bolt. The greater the force you apply and the longer the wrench, the greater the amount of torque applied to the bolt.

Another example is a door being opened or closed. When you push or pull on the handle of the door, you are applying torque to the hinge, causing the door to rotate around its axis. The further away your hand is from the hinge, the greater the torque applied to the door.

In summary, torque is a measure of rotational force that causes an object to rotate around an axis. It is important in various applications such as mechanics, engineering, and physics.

1) The weight of the load is a critical factor in determining a motor's load-handling capacity. The torque required to move a load is directly proportional to the weight of the load. In order to calculate the torque required to move a load, you will need to know the weight of the load in pounds or kilograms.

2) The distance over which the motor will move the load is also an important factor to consider. The torque required to move a load increases as the distance over which the load is moved increases. This is because the motor will have to work harder to overcome inertia and friction over a longer distance.

3) Friction in the system can significantly affect the load-handling capacity of a motor. Friction increases the amount of torque required to move a load, as the motor must work against the resistance caused by friction in the system. It is important to account for friction when calculating a motor's load-handling capacity.

4) Air resistance is another factor that can affect the load-handling capacity of a motor. Moving a load through the air requires additional torque, as the motor must overcome the resistance of the air. The larger and more aerodynamically-inefficient the load, the more torque will be required to move it through the air.

5) The inclination or slope of the surface over which the load will be moved is also an important factor to consider. Moving a load uphill or downhill requires more torque than moving a load on a flat surface. The steeper the incline, the more torque will be required to move the load. It is important to account for the inclination or slope of the surface when calculating a motor's load-handling capacity.

Torque (Nm) = Weight of the load (kg) x Distance (m) x Inclination (sin(angle)) + Friction (Nm) + Air Resistance (Nm)

Torque = 60 kg x 5 m x sin(30 degrees) + 10 N + 5 N
= 300 Nm x 0.5 + 10 N + 5 N
= 165 Nm + 10 N + 5 N
= 180 Nm

https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/degrees-minutes-seconds-to-degrees.html

1) Overloading of the motor due to sudden increases in load or unexpected changes in operating conditions.
2) Voltage fluctuations or power supply interruptions that may affect the motor's performance.
3) Mechanical wear and tear that can impact the motor's efficiency and torque output.
4) Environmental factors such as temperature variations, humidity, or dust accumulation that can affect the motor's performance.
5) Operational errors or misuse that can place undue stress on the motor and potentially cause damage.
6) External disturbances or interference that can disrupt the motor's operation and performance.
7) Changes in the system or equipment connected to the motor that can impact its overall performance and torque output.

#define torquePin A0
#define motorPin 9

int torqueValue = 0;

void setup() {
  pinMode(torquePin, INPUT);
  pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
  
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // Read torque value in Nm
  torqueValue = analogRead(torquePin); 
  // Scale torque value to desired range (0-255 for PWM)
  int motorSpeed = map(torqueValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255); 
  
  // Apply torque to motor
  analogWrite(motorPin, motorSpeed);
  
  Serial.print("Torque value: ");
  Serial.println(torqueValue);
  delay(1000); // Delay to see the output
}