Trying to Troubleshoot CNC Plotter with Arduino UNO

[Vaibhavsul]

I am building a CNC plotter using an Arduino UNO. To convert images into G-code, I use UGS, JSCut, and Inkscape. The plotter is driven by three 28BYJ-48 stepper motors (5V), though I’ve also tried using 12V motors. While the plotter moves correctly in the UGS software, the Y-axis (which controls the pen) doesn’t move properly in the actual setup. I am unsure whether this is due to a mechanical issue (such as mechanical play) or a software problem. Below, I’ve provided the hardware setup that I am referring .Please help me troubleshoot this issue.